Home  ›  Red Panda Life Cycle How Many Babies Can a Red Panda Have at One Time

Red Panda Life Cycle How Many Babies Can a Red Panda Have at One Time

Written By Thursday, 10 March 2022 Add Comment Edit

Species of mammal in Asia

Blood-red panda
Red Panda (24986761703).jpg

Conservation status


Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]

CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Lodge: Carnivora
Family: Ailuridae
Genus: Ailurus
F. Cuvier, 1825
Species:

A. fulgens

Binomial name
Ailurus fulgens

F. Cuvier, 1825
Subspecies

A. f. fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825
A. f. styani Thomas, 1902 [2]

Map showing the range of the red panda, a narrow band along the Himalayas and southwest China, in red
Range of the red panda[1] [three]

The red panda (Ailurus fulgens), also known as the lesser panda, is a small mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. Information technology has dense reddish-dark-brown fur with a black abdomen and legs, white-lined ears, a mostly white muzzle and a ringed tail. Its head-to-torso length is 51–63.v cm (xx.1–25.0 in) with a 28–48.v cm (11.0–19.1 in) tail, and information technology weighs between three.2 and fifteen kg (vii.1 and 33.1 lb). It is well adapted to climbing due to its flexible joints and curved semi-retractile claws.

The cherry-red panda was get-go described in 1825. The two currently recognised subspecies, the Himalayan and the Chinese crimson panda, genetically diverged nigh 250,000 years ago. The ruby-red panda'southward identify on the evolutionary tree has been debated, but mod genetic evidence places it in close analogousness with raccoons and weasels. Information technology is not closely related with the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), which is a behave, though both possess elongated wrist basic or "false thumbs" used for grasping bamboo. The evolutionary lineage of the cherry panda stretches dorsum around 25 to xviii one thousand thousand years ago, as indicated by extinct fossil relatives found in Eurasia and North America.

The red panda inhabits coniferous forests every bit well as temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, favouring steep slopes with dumbo bamboo cover close to water sources. Information technology is lonely and largely arboreal. It feeds mainly on bamboo shoots and leaves, just also on fruits and blossoms. Red pandas mate in early on spring, with the females giving birth to litters of up to four cubs in summer. It is threatened past poaching as well as destruction and fragmentation of habitat due to deforestation. The species has been listed equally Endangered on the IUCN Cerise Listing since 2015. Information technology is protected in all range countries.

Community-based conservation programmes take been initiated in Nepal, Bhutan and northeastern Bharat; in Mainland china, information technology benefits from nature conservation projects. Regional convict breeding programmes for the red panda have been established in zoos effectually the world. It is featured in blithe movies, video games, comic books and every bit the namesake of companies and music bands.

Etymology

The name "panda" is idea to have originated from the red panda's local Nepali name पञ्जा pajā "claw" or पौँजा paũjā "hand".[iv] [v] In English, it was simply called "panda"; when the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) was formally described and named in 1869, it became known every bit the "carmine panda" or "lesser panda" to distinguish information technology from the larger creature.[five] The genus name Ailurus is adopted from the ancient Greek discussion αἴλουρος ( ailouros ), meaning "cat".[six] The specific epithet fulgens is Latin for "shining, bright".[5] [vii]

Taxonomy

Watercolour of a red panda on branch with three separate depictions of the paws at the top

Watercolour painting of a red panda commissioned by Thomas Hardwicke c.  1820 [8]

The red panda was classified and formally described in 1825 by Frederic Cuvier, who gave it its current scientific proper name Ailurus fulgens. Cuvier's description was based on zoological specimens, including skin, paws, jawbones and teeth "from the mountains n of India", as well as an account by Alfred Duvaucel.[9] [10] The red panda was described earlier by Thomas Hardwicke in 1821, but his paper was only published in 1827.[five] [11]

In 1847, Brian Houghton Hodgson described a cerise panda from the Himalayas, for which he proposed the proper name Ailurus ochraceus.[12] In 1902, Oldfield Thomas described a skull of a male person ruddy panda specimen collected in Sichuan past Frederick William Styan under the name Ailurus fulgens styani.[2]

Subspecies and species

The mod red panda is the only recognised species of the genus Ailurus. It is traditionally divided into two subspecies: the Himalayan carmine panda (A. f. fulgens) and the Chinese red panda (A. f. styani). The Himalayan subspecies has a straighter profile, a lighter coloured brow and ochre-tipped hairs on the lower dorsum and rump. The Chinese subspecies has a more curved forehead, steeper cage slope, a darker glaze with a redder, less white face and more contrast between the tail rings.[thirteen]

In 2020, results of a genetic analysis of red panda samples showed that the red panda populations in the Himalayas and China were separated well-nigh 250,000 years ago. The researchers suggested that the two subspecies should be treated as distinct species. Ruddy pandas in southeastern Tibet and northern Myanmar were found to exist part of styani, while those of southern Tibet were of fulgens in the strict sense.[14] DNA sequencing of 132 red panda faecal samples collected in Northeast India and People's republic of china also showed ii singled-out clusters indicating that the Siang River in Arunachal Pradesh constitutes the boundary between the Himalayan and Chinese ruddy pandas.[15] They probably diverged due to glaciation events on the southern Tibetan Plateau in the Pleistocene.[sixteen]

Phylogeny

The placement of the red panda on the evolutionary tree has been debated. In the first half of the 20th century, various scientists placed information technology in the family Procyonidae with raccoons and their allies. At the time, most prominent biologists also considered the red panda to be related to the giant panda and classified both in the subfamily Ailurinae within Procyonidae. The giant panda would eventually be found to be a behave. A 1982 study examined the similarities and differences in the skull betwixt the cherry-red panda and the giant panda, other bears and procyonids, and placed the species in its own family Ailuridae. The writer of the study considered the reddish panda to be more closely related to bears.[13]

A 1995 mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis revealed that the red panda has close affinities with procyonids.[17] Farther genetic studies have placed the ruby panda within the clade Musteloidea, which also includes Procyonidae, Mustelidae (weasels and relatives) and Mephitidae (skunks and relatives). The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of six genes,[18] with the musteloids updated following a multigene analysis.[nineteen]

Fossil record

Drawing of a skull (above) and head (below) of an extinct animal

Reconstructed skull and head of Simocyon

The family Ailuridae appears to take originated in Europe old during the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene, about 25 to 18 million years ago. The earliest member Amphictis is known from its 10 cm (4 in) skull and may take been around the same size as the modern species. Its dentition consists of pointed premolars, relatively sharp-edged carnassials (P4 and m1) and molars with grinding surfaces (M1, M2 and m2), suggesting that information technology had a generalized carnivorous nutrition. Its placement within Ailuridae is based on the lateral grooves on its canine teeth. Other early on or basal aliruds include Alopecocyon and Simocyon, whose fossils have been found throughout Eurasia and North America dating from the Eye Miocene, the latter of which survived into the Early on Pliocene. Both accept similar teeth to Amphictis and thus had a similar diet.[twenty] The puma-sized Simocyon was likely a tree-climber and shares a "imitation thumb"—an extended wrist os—with the modernistic species, suggesting the appendage was an adaptation to arboreal locomotion and not to feed on bamboo.[20] [21]

After and more advanced ailruds are classified in the subfamily Ailurinae and are known every bit the "true" cerise pandas. These animals were smaller and more adapted for an omnivorous or herbivorous nutrition. The earliest known true panda is the species Magerictis imperialensis from the Eye Miocene of Spain and known only from a single molar, a lower 2d molar. The molar shows both ancestral and new characteristics having a relatively depression and uncomplex crown but also an elongated crushing surface and well-differentiated tooth cusps like later species.[22] Later ailurines include Pristinailurus bristoli of Late Miocene-Early on Pliocene eastern North America[22] [23] and species of the genus Parailurus which first appear in Early on Pliocene Europe, spreading across Eurasia into Due north America.[22] [24] These animals are probable to be part of a sister taxon to the lineage of the modern ruddy panda. In contrast to the herbivorous modernistic species, these ancient pandas were likely omnivores, possessing many cusps on the molars just retaining sharp premolars.[22] [23] [25]

The earliest fossil tape of the modern genus Ailurus date no earlier than the Pleistocene and appears to accept been limited to Asia. The modern blood-red panda's lineage became adapted for a specialized bamboo diet, having molar-like premolars and more highly crowned cusps.[22] The faux thumb would secondarily gain a office in feeding.[twenty] [21]

Genomics

Analysis of 53 cherry panda samples from Sichuan and Yunnan showed a high level of genetic diversity.[26] The full genome of the red panda was sequenced in 2017. Researchers accept compared it to the genome of the giant panda to learn the genetics of convergent evolution, as both species have fake thumbs and are adjusted for a specialized bamboo diet despite having the digestive organisation of a carnivore. Both pandas show modifications to certain limb development genes (DYNC2H1 and PCNT), which may play roles in the development of the thumbs.[27] In switching from a carnivorous to a herbivorous diet, both species have reactivated taste receptor genes used for detecting bitterness, though the specific genes are unlike.[28]

Characteristics

Red panda skull

Red panda skull

Red panda face

Reddish panda face

The cherry panda'due south coat is mainly red or orange-brown with a black belly and legs. The face is mostly white and has crimson marks that stretch from the eyes to the corners of the mouth. The inner ears are covered in white fur with a cerise patch in the middle. It has moderately long whiskers around the mouth, lower jaw and chin.[29] Its bushy tail has alternating rings of red and buff.[30] The colouration appears to serve as camouflage in a habitat with crimson moss and white lichen-covered trees. The fur consists of fibroid guard hairs with a soft dense, woolly undercoat.[xxx] The guard hairs on the back have a circular cross-section and are 47–56 mm (1.ix–2.2 in) long.[29]

The blood-red panda has a relatively minor head with a reduced snout and triangular ears, though proportionally larger than in similarly sized raccoons, while the limbs are well-nigh equal in length. It has a caput-body length of 51–63.five cm (xx.i–25.0 in) with a 28–48.5 cm (11.0–19.1 in) tail. The Himalayan ruddy panda is recorded to weigh iii.two–nine.iv kg (7.1–20.vii lb), while the Chinese ruby panda weighs 4–15 kg (8.8–33.one lb) for females and 4.two–thirteen.4 kg (9.3–29.5 lb) for males.[29] It has five curved digits on each human foot, which end in curved semi-retractile claws that aid in climbing.[30] The pelvis and hindlimbs have flexible joints, adaptations for an arboreal quadrupedal lifestyle.[31] While not prehensile, the tail acts equally a support and counterbalance when climbing.[thirty]

The forepaws possess a "fake pollex", which is an extension of a wrist bone, the radial sesamoid found in many carnivorans. This pollex allows the animal to hold onto bamboo stalks and separate leaves, and both the digits and wrist bones requite the cerise panda remarkable dexterity. The red panda shares this feature with the giant panda, which has a larger sesamoid that is more compressed at the sides. In addition, the red panda's sesamoid has a more concave tip while the giant panda's hooks in the centre.[32]

Its skull is broad, and its lower jaw is robust.[29] [30] Nevertheless, because information technology eats the less gristly parts of bamboo, the leaves and stems, it has less-developed chewing muscles than the giant panda. The digestive tract of the red panda is as well typical of a carnivore, existence fairly brusque, at only 4.2 times its torso length, with a simple tum, no clear stardom between the ileum and the colon, and no caecum.[29]

Distribution and habitat

Red panda in a tree

The scarlet panda inhabits Nepal, the states of Sikkim, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh in India, Bhutan, southern Tibet, northern Myanmar and China'due south Sichuan and Yunnan provinces.[one] The global potential habitat of the carmine panda has been estimated to comprise 47,100 kmtwo (18,200 sq mi) at most; this habitat is located in the temperate climate zone of the Himalayas with a mean annual temperature range of xviii–24 °C (64–75 °F).[33] Throughout this range, it has been recorded at elevations of 2,000–4,300 m (6,600–14,100 ft).[34] [35] [36] [37] [3]

Habitat of the ruddy panda
Country Estimated size[33]
Nepal 22,400 km2 (viii,600 sq mi)
China 13,100 kmii (five,100 sq mi)
Republic of india 5,700 km2 (2,200 sq mi)
Myanmar 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi)
Bhutan 900 kmii (350 sq mi)
Total 47,100 km2 (18,200 sq mi)

In Nepal, it lives in six protected area complexes within the Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests ecoregion.[36] The westernmost records to date were obtained in 3 community forests in Kalikot Commune in 2019.[38] Panchthar and Ilam Districts represent its easternmost range in the country, where its habitat in wood patches is surrounded by villages, livestock pastures and roads.[39] The metapopulation in protected areas and wildlife corridors in the Kangchenjunga landscape of Sikkim and northern West Bengal is partly connected through old-growth forests outside protected areas.[40] Forests in this landscape are dominated past Himalayan oaks (Quercus lamellosa and Q. semecarpifolia), Himalayan birch (Betula utilis), Himalayan fir (Abies densa), Himalayan maple (Acer caesium) with bamboo, Rhododendron and some black juniper (Juniperus indica) shrub growing in the understoreys.[34] [41] [42] [43] Records in Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh'due south Pangchen Valley, West Kameng and Shi Yomi districts point that information technology frequents habitats with Yushania and Thamnocalamus bamboo, medium-sized Rhododendron, Sorbus and Castanopsis trees.[35] [44] [45] In Mainland china, it inhabits the Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests and Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests in the Hengduan, Qionglai, Xiaoxiang, Daxiangling and Liangshan Mountains in Sichuan.[37] In the adjacent Yunnan province, it was recorded merely in the northwestern montane part.[46] [47]

The red panda prefers microhabitats inside seventy–240 one thousand (230–790 ft) of water sources.[48] [49] [50] [51] Fallen logs and tree stumps are important habitat features, equally they facilitate access to bamboo leaves.[52] Red pandas have been recorded to use steep slopes of more than 20° and stumps exceeding a diameter of 30 cm (12 in).[48] [53] Red pandas observed in Phrumsengla National Park used foremost easterly and southerly slopes with a mean gradient of 34° and a canopy comprehend of 66 per cent that were overgrown with bamboo about 23 k (75 ft) in pinnacle.[49] In Dafengding Nature Reserve, it prefers steep south-facing slopes in winter and inhabits forests with bamboo 1.5–2.5 m (4 ft 11 in – eight ft 2 in) alpine.[54] In Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, it inhabits mixed coniferous forest with a dense canopy cover of more than 75 per cent, steep slopes and a density of at least 70 bamboo plants/m2 (6.5 bamboo plants/sq ft).[55] In China's Fengtongzhai and Yele National Nature Reserves, the cherry-red panda selects steep slopes and a loftier density of bamboo stems, fallen logs and stumps, whereas the giant panda prefers gentle slopes with taller bamboo but lower densities of stems, logs and stumps. Such niche separation lessens competition betwixt the two bamboo-eating species.[48] [52]

Behaviour and ecology

A red panda lies sleeping on a high branch of a tree, with tail stretched out behind and legs dangling on each side of the branch

Cerise panda sleeping on a tree

The cherry-red panda is hard to observe in the wild,[56] and almost studies on its behaviour take taken identify in captivity.[57] The red panda appears to exist both nocturnal and crepuscular, sleeping in between periods of activity at night. It typically rests or sleeps in copse or other elevated spaces, stretched out on a branch with legs dangling when information technology is hot, and curled up with its tail over the face when it is cold. It is adapted for climbing and descends to the footing head-first with the hindfeet holding on to the middle of the tree torso. Information technology moves quickly on the ground by trotting or bounding. Its lifespan in captivity reaches 14 years.[30]

Adult pandas are generally solitary and territorial. Individuals mark their dwelling house range or territorial boundaries with urine, faeces and secretions from the anal and surrounding glands. Odour-marking occurs more than on the ground, and males mark more frequently and for longer periods than females.[30] In Red china'due south Wolong National Nature Reserve, the home range of a radio-collared female was 0.94 km2 (0.36 sq mi), while that of a male person was ane.11 km2 (0.43 sq mi).[58] A 1-year-long monitoring study of x ruby pandas in eastern Nepal showed that the 4 males had median abode ranges of 1.73 km2 (0.67 sq mi) and the six females of 0.94 kmii (0.36 sq mi) within a forest cover of at least 19.2 ha (47 acres). The females travelled 419–841 chiliad (1,375–ii,759 ft) per day and the males 660–1,473 m (2,165–4,833 ft). In the mating flavor from January to March, adults travelled a mean of 795 m (ii,608 ft) and subadults a mean of 861 m (2,825 ft).[39] They all had larger habitation ranges in areas with low forest comprehend and reduced their activity in areas that were disturbed by people, livestock and dogs.[59]

Nutrition and feeding

Red panda holding onto a plant and eating

The reddish panda is largely herbivorous and feeds primarily on bamboo, mainly the genera Phyllostachys, Sinarundinaria, Thamnocalamus and Chimonobambusa.[60] It also feeds on fruits, blossoms, acorns, eggs, birds and pocket-size mammals. It mainly eats the leaves of bamboo, which are frequently the only available food item in the wintertime and the about common food for the rest of the yr.[61] In Wolong National Nature Reserve, leaves of Bashania fangiana were found in nearly 94 per cent of analysed droppings, and its shoots were constitute in 59 per cent of the droppings found in June.[58]

The diet of ruby-red pandas monitored at three sites in Singalila National Park for ii years consisted of 40–83 per cent Yushania maling and 51–91.2 per cent Thamnocalamus spathiflorus bamboos[a] supplemented by bamboo shoots, Actinidia strigosa fruits and seasonal berries.[64] In this national park, red panda debris also contained remains of silky rose and bramble fruit species in the summer season, Actinidia callosa in the post-monsoon season, and Merrilliopanax alpinus, whitebeam (Sorbus cuspidata) and tree rhododendron in both seasons. Droppings were found on 23 plant species including the stone oak (Lithocarpus pachyphyllus), Campbell'south magnolia (Magnolia campbellii), chinquapin (Castanopsis tribuloides), Himalayan birch, Litsea sericea and the holly species Ilex fragilis.[65] In Nepal'south Rara National Park, Thamnocalamus was institute in all the debris sampled, both before and after the monsoon.[66] Its summer diet in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve also includes some lichens and barberries.[41] In Bhutan's Jigme Dorji National Park, carmine panda faeces establish in the fruiting season independent seeds of Himalayan ivy (Hedera nepalensis).[51]

The red panda grabs food with 1 of its front paws and commonly eats sitting down or standing, but sometimes lays on its back. When foraging for bamboo, it grabs the establish past the stem and bends information technology down so the leaves are within reach of the jaws. It inserts them into the side and shears and chews them. It nips minor food similar blossoms, berries and small leaves with the incisors.[30] Having the digestive system of a carnivore, the ruby panda is a poor processor of bamboo, which passes through its gut in 2 to four hours. Information technology hence selects the more nutritious plant matter, such every bit tender leaves and shoots, and consumes them in big quantities. It eats over 1.5 kg (iii lb v oz) of fresh leaves or 4 kg (9 lb) of fresh shoots in a day and can digest crude proteins and fats more easily than fibres and lignin in the bamboo leaves. Bamboo is well-nigh digestible in summer and fall just least in winter, and shoots are more digestible than leaves.[67] Despite its low-quality diet, the cherry-red panda's metabolic charge per unit is shut to that of similarly-sized mammals.[68] The red panda digests nigh a third of dry matter, which is more efficient than the giant panda digesting 17 per cent.[67] Microbes in the carmine panada's gut may play a role in its processing of bamboo; the microbiota customs in the red panda is less diverse than in other mammals.[69]

Communication

Sounds of reddish panda twittering

At least seven different vocalisations have been recorded in the red panda, comprising growls, barks, squeals, hoots, bleats, grunts and twitters. Growling, barking, grunting and squealing are produced during fights and aggressive chasing. Hooting is fabricated in response to being approached by another individual. Bleating is recorded afterwards odor-mark and sniffing. Males may squeal during courtship, particularly before mounting. Twittering is fabricated by mating females.[lxx] During both play fighting and aggressive fighting, individuals arch their backs and tails while slowly moving their heads up and down. They and so turn their heads while jaw-clapping, move their heads side to side and raise a forepaw with an intent to strike. They stand on their hind legs and enhance the forelimbs above the head before lunging. Ii individuals "stare" each other from a distance.[xxx]

Reproduction and parenting

Red panda mother with cub

Red panda tending its cub

Cherry-red pandas are "long-day" breeders, meaning that breeding occurs as the length of daylight increases following the winter solstice. Mating thus occurs more often than not between Jan and March, with births taking identify from May to August. For captive pandas in the southern hemisphere, reproduction is delayed by six months. Oestrous lasts a 24-hour interval, and females can enter oestrous multiple times a season, simply the length of intervals betwixt each bicycle is not clear.[71]

As the breeding flavor begins, there are increased interactions betwixt males and females, who will residuum, movement and feed close to each other. Oestrous females are observed to mark more often and more than vigorously and males will sniff their anogenital region. Receptive females make tail-flicks and position themselves in a lordosis pose, with the front lowered and the back arched. Copulation involves the male mounting the female from behind and on elevation, though confront-to-confront matings as well as belly-to-back matings while lying on the sides have been observed. The male unremarkably does not bite the female's cervix but will grab her sides with his forepart paws. Mountings are 2–25 minutes long, and the couple grooms each other between mounting bouts.[71]

Gestation lasts most 158 days. Prior to giving nativity, the female selects a denning site, such as a tree, log or stump hollow or rock crevice, and builds a nest using textile from nearby, such as twigs, sticks, branches, bawl bits, leaves, grass and moss.[56] Litters typically consist of ane to four cubs that are born fully furred but blind. They are entirely dependent on their mother for the first three to four months until they emerge from the nest. They nurse for their first five months.[72] Mother and offspring stay together until the next convenance. Cubs reach their adult size at around 12 months and sexual maturity at around eighteen months.[30] Two radio-collared cubs in eastern Nepal separated from their mothers at the historic period of seven–viii months and left their birth areas three weeks later on. They reached new home ranges within 26–42 days and became residents afterward exploring them for 42–44 days.[39]

Diseases

Faecal samples of red panda collected in Nepal contained parasitic protozoa, amoebozoans, roundworms, trematodes and tapeworms.[73] [74] Roundworms, tapeworms and coccidia were also establish in red panda scat collected in Rara and Langtang National Parks.[75] Fourteen red pandas at the Knoxville Zoo suffered from severe ringworm, so the tails of ii were amputated.[76] Chagas disease was reported as the crusade of death of a red panda kept in a Kansas zoo.[77] Amdoparvovirus was detected in the scat of six reddish pandas in the Sacramento Zoo.[78] Viii captive red pandas in a Chinese zoo suffered from shortness of breath and fever shortly earlier they died of pneumonia; autopsy revealed that they had antibodies to the protozoans Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis species indicating that they were intermediate hosts.[79] A captive red panda in the Chengdu Research Base of operations of Giant Panda Convenance died of unknown reasons; an dissection showed that its kidneys, liver and lungs were damaged by a bacterial infection caused by Escherichia coli.[80]

Threats

The main threats to the cherry-red panda are destruction and fragmentation of habitat caused past multiple circumstances such as increasing human population, deforestation, illegal collection of not-timber forest products and disturbances by herders and livestock.[one] Small groups of animals with piddling opportunity for commutation between them face the take a chance of inbreeding, decreased genetic diversity, and even extinction. In add-on, clearcutting for firewood or agriculture and hillside terracing removes one-time trees that provide maternal dens and decreases the ability of some bamboo species to regenerate.[81] The cut lumber stock in Sichuan solitary reached two,661,000 miii (94,000,000 cu ft) in 1958–1960, and around 3,597.9 km2 (ane,389.2 sq mi) of red panda habitat were logged between the mid 1970s and tardily 1990s.[46]

Deforestation inhibits the dispersal of red pandas and leads to severe fragmentation of the population; trampling past livestock depresses bamboo growth.[82] Throughout Nepal, the crimson panda habitat outside protected areas is negatively afflicted past solid waste, livestock trails and herding stations, and people collecting firewood and medicinal plants.[41] [83] Threats identified in Nepal's Lamjung District include grazing past livestock during seasonal transhumance, human-made forest fires and the collection of bamboo every bit cattle fodder in wintertime.[84] Vehicular traffic is a significant barrier to scarlet panda motion between habitat patches.[59]

Poaching is as well a major threat.[1] In Nepal, red pandas have been unintentionally killed in traps targeted for other wildlife; 121 skins were confiscated between 2008 and 2018.[85] In Myanmar, the red panda is threatened past hunting using guns and traps; since roads to the border with China were built starting in the early 2000s, reddish panda skins and live animals accept been traded and smuggled across the border.[3] In southwestern China, the cherry-red panda is hunted for its fur, particularly for the highly valued bushy tails, from which hats are produced. The crimson panda population in Mainland china has been reported to have decreased by xl per cent over the final 50 years, and the population in western Himalayan areas are considered to be smaller.[46] Between 2005 and 2017, 35 live and 7 dead red pandas were confiscated in Sichuan, and several traders were sentenced to iii–12 years of imprisonment. A month-long survey of 65 shops in nine Chinese counties in the spring of 2017 revealed only one in Yunnan offered hats made of red panda skins, and cherry panda tails were offered in an online forum.[86]

Conservation

The red panda is listed in CITES Appendix I and protected in all range countries; hunting is illegal. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008 because the global population is estimated at 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend. A big extent of its habitat is part of protected areas.[1]

Protected areas in red panda range countries
Country Protected areas
Nepal Api Nampa Conservation Expanse, Khaptad National Park, Rara National Park, Annapurna Conservation Area, Manaslu Conservation Area, Langtang National Park, Gaurishankar Conservation Expanse, Sagarmatha National Park, Makalu Barun National Park, Kanchenjunga Conservation Expanse[36]
India Khangchendzonga National Park, Singalila National Park, Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary, Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, Maenam Wild fauna Sanctuary,[40] Namdapha National Park[87]
Bhutan Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve, Jigme Dorji National Park, Wangchuck Centennial National Park, Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary, Sakteng Wild animals Sanctuary, Phrumsengla National Park, Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary[35]
Myanmar Hkakaborazi National Park, Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary,[88] Imawbum National Park[3]
China Yarlung Tsangpo Yard Canyon Nature Reserve in Tibet,[89] Wolong National Nature Reserve, Fengtongzhai and Yele National Nature Reserves, Dafengding Nature Reserve and Giant Panda National Park in Sichuan[58] [48] [52] [54] [37], Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan[55]

Red panda standing on a branch

Closeup look of red panda

A reddish panda anti-poaching unit and community-based monitoring have been established in Langtang National Park. Members of Community Forest User Groups likewise protect and monitor red panda habitats in other parts of Nepal.[90] Community outreach programs have been initiated in eastern Nepal using information boards, radio broadcasting and the annual International Red Panda Solar day in September; several schools endorsed a red panda conservation manual equally part of their curricula.[91]

Since 2010, community-based conservation programmes have been initiated in x districts in Nepal that aim to help villagers reduce their dependence on natural resources through improved herding and food processing practices and alternative income possibilities. The Nepali government ratified a five-year Red Panda Conservation Action Programme in 2019.[92] From 2016 to 2019, 35 ha (86 acres) of loftier-elevation rangeland in Merak, Bhutan, was restored and fenced in cooperation with 120 herder families to protect the cherry-red panda forest habitat and improve communal pasture.[93] Villagers in Arunachal Pradesh established two community conservation areas to protect the ruby panda habitat from disturbance and exploitation of forest resources.[44] China has initiated several projects to protect its environment and wildlife, including Grain for Green, The Natural Woods Protection Project and the National Wild animals/Natural Reserve Construction Project. For the last project, the red panda is not listed every bit a key animal for protection but may benefit from the protection of the behemothic panda and golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), with which it overlaps in range.[94]

In captivity

The London Zoo acquired two red pandas in 1869 and 1876 that were caught in Darjeeling. The Calcutta Zoo received a live red panda in 1877, the Philadelphia Zoo in 1906, and Artis and Cologne Zoos in 1908. In 1908, the beginning captive crimson panda cubs were built-in in an Indian zoo. In 1940, the San Diego Zoo imported four cherry pandas from India that had been defenseless in Nepal; their first litter was born in 1941. Cubs that were born after were sent to other zoos; by 1969, almost 250 carmine pandas had been exhibited in zoos.[95] The Taronga Conservation Society started keeping red pandas in 1977.[96]

In 1978, a brood registry, the International Blood-red Panda Studbook, was set up, followed by the Red Panda European Endangered Species Programme in 1985. Members of international zoos ratified a global master plan for the captive breeding of the scarlet panda in 1993. By belatedly 2015, 219 cherry-red pandas lived in 42 zoos in Nippon.[97] The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park participates in the Cherry-red Panda Species Survival Programme and kept almost 25 blood-red pandas by 2016.[98] By the end of 2019, 182 European zoos kept 407 reddish pandas.[99] Regional captive breeding programmes have too been established in Northward American, Australasian and South African zoos.[5]

Cultural significance

Stamp showing a red panda in a tree with some Hindi writing

Ruby panda on a 2009 postage stamp from Republic of india

The cerise panda's role in the culture, tradition and folklore of local people is express. A hunting scene on a Chinese Chou Dynasty scroll dating to the 13th century is the oldest known drawing depicting a red panda.[100] In Nepal'due south Taplejung District, red panda claws are used for treating epilepsy; its skin is used in rituals for treating sick people, making hats, scarecrows and decorating houses.[85] In western Nepal, Magar shamans utilise its skin and fur in their ritual dresses and believe that it protects against evil spirits. People in primal Bhutan consider red pandas to be reincarnations of Buddhist monks. Some tribal people in Arunachal Pradesh and the Yi people believe that information technology brings good luck to wear cherry panda tails or hats made of its fur.[100] In China, the fur is used for local cultural ceremonies. At weddings, the benedict traditionally carries the hide. Hats made of red panda tail hats are likewise used by local newlyweds as a "good-luck amuse".[46]

The crimson panda was recognized equally the country beast of Sikkim in the early 1990s and was the mascot of the Darjeeling Tea Festival.[81] It has been featured on stamps and coins issued by several reddish panda range states. Anthropomorphic red pandas feature in blithe movies and TV serial such as The White Snake Enchantress, Bamboo Bears, Barbie as the Island Princess, the Kung Fu Panda franchise, Aggretsuko and Turning Red, and in several video games and comic books. It is the namesake of the Firefox browser and has been used as the namesake of music bands and of companies. Its appearance has been used for plush toys, on t-shirts, postcards and other items.[100]

Notes

  1. ^ Labelled Arundinaria maling and A. aristata respectively, which are junior synonyms of the species listed here.[62] [63]

References

  1. ^ a b c d east f one thousand Glatston, A.; Wei, F.; Than Zaw & Sherpa, A. (2017) [errata version of 2015 cess]. "Ailurus fulgens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T714A110023718. Retrieved xv January 2022.
  2. ^ a b Thomas, O. (1902). "On the Panda of Sze-chuen". Register and Magazine of Natural History. 7. 10 (57): 251–252. doi:ten.1080/00222930208678667.
  3. ^ a b c d Lin, A. 1000.; Lwin, Due north.; Aung, South. S.; Oo, West. N.; Lum, Fifty. Z. & Grindley, M. (2021). "The conservation status of Red Panda in north-east Myanmar". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (2d ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 475–488. ISBN9780128237540.
  4. ^ Turner, R. L. (1931). "पञ्जा". A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. 359.
  5. ^ a b c d e Glatston, A. R. (2021). "Introduction". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Ruby Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (2nd ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. nineteen–xxix. ISBN978-0-12-823753-three.
  6. ^ Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940). "αἴλουρος". A Greek-English Dictionary (Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  7. ^ Lewis, C. T. A. & Curt, C. (1879). "fulgens". Latin Dictionary (Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Printing.
  8. ^ Lowther, D. A. (2021). "The first painting of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Europe? Natural history and artistic patronage in early nineteenth-century India". Archives of Natural History. 48 (two): 368–376. doi:10.3366/anh.2021.0728. S2CID 244938631.
  9. ^ Cuvier, F. (1825). "Panda". In Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'assistants du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle. Vol. Tome 5. Paris: A. Belin. p. LII ane–3.
  10. ^ Cuvier, Yard. (1829). "Le Panda éclatant". Le règne creature distribué d'après son organisation. Vol. Tome 1. Chez Déterville, Paris. p. 138.
  11. ^ Hardwicke, T. (1827). "Description of a new genus of the class Mammalia, from the Himalaya chain of hills between Nepal and the Snowy Mountains". The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Fifteen: 161–165.
  12. ^ Hodgson, B. H. (1847). "On the Cat-toed subplantigrades". Journal of the Asiatic Club of Bengal. sixteen (ii): 1113–1128.
  13. ^ a b Groves, C. (2021). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of Ailurus". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Ruby Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 95–117. ISBN978-0-12-823753-iii.
  14. ^ Hu, Y.; Thapa, A.; Fan, H.; Ma, T.; Wu, Q.; Ma, S.; Zhang, D.; Wang, B.; Li, M.; Yan, L. & Wei, F. (2020). "Genomic evidence for ii phylogenetic species and long-term population bottlenecks in red pandas". Science Advances. 6 (9): eaax5751. Bibcode:2020SciA....half-dozen.5751H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax5751. PMC7043915. PMID 32133395.
  15. ^ Joshi, B. D.; Dalui, S.; Singh, Due south. K.; Mukherjee, T.; Chandra, K.; Sharma, L. One thousand. & Thakur, 1000. (2021). "Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Cherry Panda into two phylogenetic species". Mammalian Biology. 101 (ane): 121–124. doi:10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y. S2CID 231811193.
  16. ^ Dalui, S.; Singh, S. Yard.; Joshi, B. D.; Ghosh, A.; Basu, Due south.; Khatri, H.; Sharma, L. K.; Chandra, Thousand. & Thakur, Thousand. (2021). "Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explicate the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda (A. fulgens) in eastern Himalayas". Scientific Reports. eleven (1): 65. doi:x.1038/s41598-020-80586-6. PMC7794540. PMID 33420314.
  17. ^ Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1995). "Molecular phylogeny of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens)". The Journal of Heredity. 86 (6): 413–422. doi:ten.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111615. PMID 8568209.
  18. ^ Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J. & Nedbal, Thou. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the bear upon of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biological science. 54 (2): 317–337. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099.
  19. ^ Law, C. J.; Slater, G. J. & Mehta, R. Southward. (2018). "Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods". Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127–144. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047. PMID 28472434.
  20. ^ a b c Salesa, One thousand. J.; Peigné, South.; Antón, M. & Morales, J. (2021). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of Ailurus". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Ruddy Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Second ed.). London: Academic Printing. pp. 15–29. ISBN978-0-12-823753-3.
  21. ^ a b Salesa, Yard. J.; Mauricio, A.; Peigné, S. & Morales, J. (2006). "Prove of a false pollex in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". PNAS. 103 (2): 379–382. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..379S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102. PMC1326154. PMID 16387860.
  22. ^ a b c d east Wallace, S. C. & Lyon, L. (2021). "Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from N America". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 31–52. ISBN978-0-12-823753-3.
  23. ^ a b Wallace, S. C. & Wang, 10. (2004). "2 new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America". Nature. 431 (7008): 556–559. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..556W. doi:ten.1038/nature02819. PMID 15457257. S2CID 4432191.
  24. ^ Tedford, R. H. & Gustafson, E. P. (1977). "First North American record of the extinct panda Parailurus". Nature. 265 (5595): 621–623. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..621T. doi:10.1038/265621a0. S2CID 4214900.
  25. ^ Sotnikova, M. V. (2008). "A new species of lesser panda Parailurus (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Pliocene of Transbaikalia (Russia) and some aspects of ailurine phylogeny". Paleontological Periodical. 42 (1): 90–99. doi:10.1007/S11492-008-1015-Ten. S2CID 82000411.
  26. ^ Su, B.; Fu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Jin, L. & Chakraborty, R. (2001). "Genetic diversity and population history of the Scarlet Panda (Ailurus fulgens) as inferred from mitochondrial Dna sequence variations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (half-dozen): 1070–1076. doi:x.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878. PMID 11371595.
  27. ^ Hu, Y.; Wu, Q.; Ma, S.; Ma, T.; Shan, Fifty.; Wang, X.; Nie, Y.; Ning, Z.; Yan, 50.; Xiu, Y. & Wei, F. (2017). "Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution between the bamboo-eating giant and red pandas". Proceedings of the National University of Sciences. 114 (v): 1081–1086. doi:10.1073/pnas.1613870114. PMC5293045. PMID 28096377.
  28. ^ Shan, L.; Wu, Q.; Wange, L.; Zhang, Fifty. & Wei, F. (2017). "Lineage-specific evolution of biting sense of taste receptor genes in the giant and red pandas implies dietary accommodation". Integrative Zoology. xiii (2): 152–159. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12291. PMC5873442. PMID 29168616.
  29. ^ a b c d e Fisher, R. E. (2021). "Red Panda beefcake". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Ruby Panda: Biology and Conservation of the Commencement Panda (Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 81–93. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2. ISBN978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243824295.
  30. ^ a b c d due east f thou h i j Roberts, One thousand. South. & Gittleman, J. Fifty. (1984). "Ailurus fulgens" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 222 (222): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503840. JSTOR 3503840.
  31. ^ Makungu, 1000.; du Plessis, Due west. M.; Groenewald, H. B.; Barrows, M. & Koeppel, K. N. (2015). "Morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the Ruby-red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) evidenced by gross osteology, radiography and computed tomography". Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 44 (6): 410–421. doi:10.1111/ahe.12152. hdl:2263/50447. PMID 25308447. S2CID 13035672.
  32. ^ Antón, 1000.; Salesa, 1000. J.; Pastor, J. F.; Peigné, Due south. & Morales, J. (2006). "Implications of the functional anatomy of the manus and forearm of Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'faux-thumb' in pandas". Journal of Anatomy. 209 (half-dozen): 757–764. doi:x.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00649.x. PMC2049003. PMID 17118063.
  33. ^ a b Kandel, K.; Huettmann, F.; Suwal, Yard. K.; Regmi, G. R.; Nijman, V.; Nekaris, One thousand. A. I.; Lama, S. T.; Thapa, A.; Sharma, H. P. & Subedi, T. R. (2015). "Rapid multi-nation distribution assessment of a charismatic conservation species using open access ensemble model GIS predictions: Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region". Biological Conservation. 181: 150–161. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.007.
  34. ^ a b Mallick, J. G. (2010). "Status of Crimson Panda Ailurus fulgens in Neora Valley National Park, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India". Small Carnivore Conservation. 43: 30–36.
  35. ^ a b c Dorji, South.; Rajaratnam, R. & Vernes, K. (2012). "The Vulnerable Ruby-red Panda Ailurus fulgens in Bhutan: distribution, conservation, status and management recommendations". Oryx. 46 (4): 536–543. doi:10.1017/S0030605311000780. S2CID 84332758.
  36. ^ a b c Thapa, One thousand.; Thapa, Thousand. J.; Bista, D.; Jnawali, Due south. R.; Acharya, Yard. P.; Khanal, K.; Kandel, R. C.; Karki Thapa, M.; Shrestha, South.; Lama, S. T. & Sapkota, Northward. S. (2020). "Landscape variables affecting the Himalayan Red Panda Ailurus fulgens occupancy in wet flavor along the mountains in Nepal". PLOS Ane. 15 (12): e0243450. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1543450T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243450. PMC7740865. PMID 33306732.
  37. ^ a b c Dong, X.; Zhang, J.; Gu, Ten.; Wang, Y.; Bai, W. & Huang, Q. (2021). "Evaluating habitat suitability and potential dispersal corridors across the distribution landscape of the Chinese Red Panda (Ailurus styani) in Sichuan, Communist china". Global Ecology and Conservation. 28: e01705. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01705.
  38. ^ Shrestha, Due south.; Lama, South.; Sherpa, A. P.; Ghale, D. & Lama, Southward. T. (2021). "The endangered Himalayan Cerise Panda: outset photographic bear witness from its westernmost distributon range". Periodical of Threatened Taxa. 13 (v): 18156–18163. doi:x.11609/jott.6100.thirteen.v.18156-18163.
  39. ^ a b c Bista, D.; Baxter, 1000. S.; Hudson, Northward. J.; Lama, South. T.; Weerman, J. & Murray, P. J. (2021). "Movement and dispersal of a habitat specialist in homo-dominated landscapes: a case study of the Red Panda". Movement Environmental. 9 (1): 62. doi:10.1186/s40462-021-00297-z. PMC8670026. PMID 34906253.
  40. ^ a b Dalui, S.; Khatri, H.; Singh, S. K.; Basu, South.; Ghosh, A.; Mukherjee, T.; Sharma, Fifty. K.; Singh, R.; Chandra, Chiliad. & Thakur, M. (2020). "Fine-calibration mural genetics unveiling gimmicky asymmetric motility of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Kangchenjunga landscape, India". Scientific Reports. 10 (one): 15446. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015446D. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72427-3. PMC7508845. PMID 32963325.
  41. ^ a b c Panthi, Due south.; Aryal, A.; Raubenheimer, D.; Lord, J. & Adhikari, B. (2012). "Summer nutrition and distribution of the Ruby Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal". Zoological Studies. 51 (5): 701–709.
  42. ^ Khatiwara, S. & Srivastava, T. (2014). "Ruby Panda Ailurus fulgens and other small carnivores in Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, E Sikkim, Republic of india". Modest Carnivore Conservation. 50: 35–38.
  43. ^ Bashir, T.; Bhattacharya, T.; Poudyal, K. & Sathyakumar, S. (2019). "First camera trap record of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) from Khangchendzonga, Sikkim, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. eleven (8): 14056–14061. doi:10.11609/jott.4626.11.viii.14056-14061.
  44. ^ a b Chakraborty, R.; Nahmo, L. T.; Dutta, P. G.; Srivastava, T.; Mazumdar, 1000. & Dorji, D. (2015). "Status, affluence, and habitat associations of the Crimson Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India". Mammalia. 79 (1): 25–32. doi:x.1515/mammalia-2013-0105. S2CID 87668179.
  45. ^ Megha, 1000.; Christi, Southward.; Kapoor, K.; Gopal, R. & Solanki, R. (2021). "Photographic evidence of Scarlet Panda Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, Bharat". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 13 (9): 19254–19262. doi:10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262.
  46. ^ a b c d Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z. & Hu, J. (1999). "Current distribution, status and conservation of wild Blood-red Pandas Ailurus fulgens in Mainland china". Biological Conservation. 89 (3): 285–291. doi:ten.1016/S0006-3207(98)00156-6.
  47. ^ Li, F.; Huang, X. Y.; Zhang, X. C.; Zhao, X. X.; Yang, J. H. & Chan, B. P. L. (2019). "Mammals of Tengchong Department of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, Cathay". Periodical of Threatened Taxa. xi (11): 14402–14414. doi:10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414.
  48. ^ a b c d Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z. & Hu, J. (2000). "Habitat apply and separation between the Behemothic Panda and the Reddish Panda". Journal of Mammalogy. 81 (2): 448–455. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0448:HUASBT>2.0.CO;2.
  49. ^ a b Dorji, S.; Vernes, Grand. & Rajaratnam, R. (2011). "Habitat correlates of the Red Panda in the temperate forests of Bhutan". PLoS Ane. 6 (10): e26483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626483D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026483. PMC3198399. PMID 22039497.
  50. ^ Dendup, P.; Lham, C.; Wangchuk, J. & Tshering, Thousand. (2018). "Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Plant for Conservation and Environmental Enquiry, Bumthang, Bhutan". Periodical of the Kingdom of bhutan Ecological Lodge. 3: 1–13.
  51. ^ a b Dendup, P.; Humle, T.; Bista, D.; Penjor, U.; Lham, C. & Gyeltshen, J. (2020). "Habitat requirements of the Himalayan Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) and threat analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan". Ecology and Development. 10 (17): 9444–9453. doi:10.1002/ece3.6632. PMC7487235. PMID 32953073.
  52. ^ a b c Zhang, Z.; Wei, F.; Li, M. & Hu, J. (2006). "Wintertime microhabitat separation between Behemothic and Scarlet Pandas in Bashania faberi Bamboo forest in Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 70 (1): 231–235. doi:10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[231:WMSBGA]2.0.CO;2.
  53. ^ Dendup, P.; Lham, C.; Wangchuk, J. & Tshering, K. (2018). "Winter habitat preferences of Endangered Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Forest Research Preserve of Ugyen Wangchuck Found for Conservation and Environmental Research, Bumthang, Bhutan". Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society. 3: ane–xiii.
  54. ^ a b Zhou, X.; Jiao, H.; Dou, Y.; Aryal, A.; Hu, J.; Hu, J. & Meng, X. (2013). "The winter habitat selection of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China". Current Science. 105 (10): 1425–1429.
  55. ^ a b Liu, X.; Teng, L.; Ding, Y. & Liu, Z. (2021). "Habitat choice by Scarlet Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, China" (PDF). Islamic republic of pakistan Periodical of Zoology. doi:ten.17582/journal.pjz/20190726090725. S2CID 238963119.
  56. ^ a b Gebauer, A. (2021). "The early days: maternal behaviour and babe development". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Scarlet Panda: Biological science and Conservation of the First Panda (Second ed.). London: Bookish Press. pp. 149–179. ISBN978-0-12-823753-3.
  57. ^ Karki, South.; Maraseni, T.; Mackey, B.; Bista, D.; Lama, Southward. T.; Gautam, A. P.; Sherpa, A. P.; Koju, A. P.; Koju, U.; Shrestha, A. & Cadman, T. (2021). "Reaching over the gap: A review of trends in and status of ruby panda inquiry over 193 years (1827–2020)". Science of the Full Environment. 781: 146659. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.781n6659K. doi:ten.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146659. PMID 33794452. S2CID 232763016.
  58. ^ a b c Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. & Yan, H. (1991). "Ecology of the Crimson Panda Ailurus fulgens in the Wolong Reserve, China". Periodical of Zoology. 225 (iii): 347–364. doi:x.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03821.x.
  59. ^ a b Bista, D.; Baxter, G. Southward.; Hudson, N. J.; Lama, S. T. & Murray, P. J. (2021). "Result of disturbances and habitat fragmentation on an arboreal habitat specialist mammal using GPS telemetry: a case of the crimson panda". Landscape Ecology: 1–15. doi:10.1007/s10980-021-01357-w. PMC8542365. PMID 34720409.
  60. ^ Nijboer, J. & Dierenfeld, E. Due south. (2021). "Red panda nutrition: how to feed a vegetarian carnivore". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Cerise Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (2d ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 225–238. ISBN978-0-12-823753-3.
  61. ^ Wei, F.; Thapa, A.; Hu, Y. & Zhang, Z. (2021). "Ruby Panda ecology". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Cerise Panda: Biological science and Conservation of the First Panda (Second ed.). London: Bookish Printing. pp. 329–351. ISBN978-0-12-823753-3.
  62. ^ WFO (2022). "Arundinaria maling Take chances". Globe Flora Online. Retrieved 8 Feb 2022.
  63. ^ WFO (2022). "Arundinaria aristata Take a chance". World Flora Online. Retrieved viii February 2022.
  64. ^ Pradhan, S.; Saha, G. K. & Khan, J. A. (2001). "Environmental of the Ruddy Panda Ailurus fulgens in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India". Biological Conservation. 98: 11–18. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00079-3.
  65. ^ Roka, B.; Jha, A. Thou. & Chhetri, D. R. (2021). "A written report on found preferences of Ruddy Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species". Acta Biologica Sibirica. 7: 425–439. doi:10.3897/abs.7.e71816. S2CID 244942192.
  66. ^ Sharma, H. R.; Swenson, J. Due east. & Belant, J. (2014). "Seasonal food habits of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Rara National Park, Nepal". Hystrix. 25 (ane): 47–l. doi:10.4404/hystrix-25.one-9033.
  67. ^ a b Wei, F.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, A. & Hu, J. (1999). "Use of the nutrients in bamboo past the Cherry Panda Ailurus fulgens". Journal of Zoology. 248 (4): 535–541. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01053.10.
  68. ^ Fei, Y.; Hou, R.; Spotila, J. R.; Paladino, F. V.; Qi, D. & Zhang, Z. (2017). "Metabolic charge per unit of the Red Panda, Ailurus fulgens, a dietary bamboo specialist". PLoS One. 12 (3): e0173274. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173274.
  69. ^ Kong, F.; Zhao, J.; Han, S.; Zeng, B.; Yang, J.; Si, X.; Yang, B.; Yang, M.; Xu, H. & Li, Y. (2014). "Characterization of the gut microbiota in the cerise panda (Ailurus fulgens)". PLOS ONE. ix (2): e87885. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...987885K. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0087885. PMC3912123. PMID 24498390.
  70. ^ Qi, D.; Zhou, H.; Wei, Due west.; Lei, Thou.; Yuan, S.; Qi, D. & Zhang, Z. (2016). "Vocal repertoire of adult captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens)". Animal Biology. 66 (2): 145–155. doi:10.1163/15707563-00002493.
  71. ^ a b Curry, Eastward. (2021). "Reproductive biology of the Red Panda". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (2d ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 119–138. ISBN978-0-12-823753-3.
  72. ^ Roberts, M. S. & Kessler, D. S. (1979). "Reproduction in Ruby pandas, Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora : Ailuropodidae)". Journal of Zoology. 188 (2): 235–249. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x.
  73. ^ Lama, South. T.; Lama, R. P.; Regmi, M. R. & Ghimire, T. R. (2015). "Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in free-ranging Red Panda Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae) in Nepal". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 7 (8): 7460–7464. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o4208.7460-4.
  74. ^ Bista, D.; Shrestha, Southward.; Kunwar, A. J.; Acharya, South.; Jnawali, S. R. & Acharya, K. P. (2017). "Status of gastrointestinal parasites in Reddish Panda of Nepal". PeerJ. 5: e3767. doi:10.7717/peerj.3767. PMC5591639. PMID 28894643.
  75. ^ Sharma, H. P. & Achhami, B. (2021). "Gastro‐abdominal parasites of sympatric Red Panda and livestock in protected areas of Nepal". Veterinary Medicine and Science. doi:x.1002/vms3.651. PMID 34599791. S2CID 238250774.
  76. ^ Kearns, G. S.; Pollock, C. G. & Ramsay, Due east. C. (1999). "Dermatophytosis in Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens fulgens): a review of xiv cases". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. thirty (four): 561–563. JSTOR 20095922. PMID 10749446.
  77. ^ Huckins, G. Fifty.; Eshar, D.; Schwartz, D.; Morton, M.; Herrin, B. H.; Cerezo, A.; Yabsley, Yard. J. & Schneider, S. M. (2019). "Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a zoo-housed Red Panda in Kansas". Periodical of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 31 (5): 752–755. doi:ten.1177/1040638719865926. PMC6727118. PMID 31342874.
  78. ^ Alex, C. E.; Kubiski, S. 5.; Li, Fifty.; Sadeghi, M.; Wack, R. F.; McCarthy, G. A.; Pesavento, J. B.; Delwart, Eastward. & Pesavento, P. A. (2018). "Amdoparvovirus infection in Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens)". Veterinary Pathology. 55 (4): 552–561. doi:10.1177/0300985818758470. PMID 29433401.
  79. ^ Yang, Y.; Dong, H.; Su, R.; Li, T.; Jiang, North.; Su, C. & Zhang, L. (2019). "Evidence of Red Panda as an intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis species". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 8: 188–191. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.02.006. PMC6403407. PMID 30891398.
  80. ^ Liu, S.; Li, Y.; Yue, C.; Zhang, D.; Su, X.; Yan, X.; Yang, M.; Chen, X.; Zhuo, G.; Cai, T.; Liu, J.; Peng, X. & Huo, R. (2020). "Isolation and label of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) from Reddish Panda (Ailurus fulgens)". BMC Veterinary Research. 16 (one): 404. doi:x.1186/s12917-020-02624-ix. PMC7590469. PMID 33109179.
  81. ^ a b Glatson, A. R. (1994). "The Red Panda or Lesser Panda (Ailurus fulgens)" (PDF). Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Procyonids and Ailurids. The Cherry Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and their Relatives. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid, and Procyonid Specialist Group. pp. viii, 8–xi, 19–21. ISBNtwo-8317-0046-9.
  82. ^ Yonzon, P. B. & Hunter, M. L. Jr. (1991). "Conservation of the Scarlet Panda Ailurus fulgens". Biological Conservation. 57 (1): 1–xi. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90046-C.
  83. ^ Acharya, Thou. P.; Shrestha, S.; Paudel, P. G.; Sherpa, A. P.; Jnawali, Due south. R.; Acharya, S. & Bista, D. (2018). "Pervasive human being disturbance on habitats of endangered Reddish Panda Ailurus fulgens in the primal Himalaya". Global Ecology and Conservation. 15: e00420. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00420. S2CID 92988737.
  84. ^ Ghimire, Thou.; Pearch, M.; Baral, B.; Thapa, B. & Baral, R. (2019). "The first photographic record of the Carmine Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) from Lamjung District outside Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 11 (12): 14576–14581. doi:10.11609/jott.4828.11.12.14576-14581.
  85. ^ a b Bista, D.; Baxter, G. Due south. & Murray, P. J. (2020). "What is driving the increased demand for reddish panda pelts?". Human Dimensions of Wild animals. 25 (4): 324–338. doi:x.1080/10871209.2020.1728788. S2CID 213958948.
  86. ^ Xu, L. & Guan, J. (2018). Scarlet Panda market place research findings in China (PDF). Cambridge: Traffic.
  87. ^ Datta, A.; Naniwadekar, R. & Anand, Thousand. O. (2008). "Occurrence and conservation status of pocket-sized carnivores in two protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east Bharat". Small Carnivore Conservation. 39: 1–ten.
  88. ^ Lwin, Y. H.; Wang, L.; Li, Yard.; Maung, Grand. West.; Swa, Thou. & Quan, R. C. (2021). "Diversity, distribution and conservation of big mammals in northern Myanmar". Global Environmental and Conservation. 29: e01736. doi:ten.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01736.
  89. ^ Li, X.; Bleisch, W. V.; Liu, 10. & Jiang, X. (2021). "Photographic camera-trap surveys reveal high diversity of mammals and pheasants in Medog, Tibet". Oryx. 55 (ii): 177–180. doi:ten.1017/S0030605319001467.
  90. ^ Thapa, A.; Hu, Y. & Wei, F. (2018). "The endangered Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens): Ecology and conservation approaches across the entire range". Biological Conservation. 220: 112–121. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.014.
  91. ^ Bista, D. (2018). "Communities in frontline in Carmine Panda conservation, eastern Nepal" (PDF). The Himalayan Naturalist. 1 (1): xi–12.
  92. ^ Sherpa, A. P.; Lama, S. T.; Shrestah, S.; Williams, B. & Bista, D. (2021). "Red Pandas in Nepal: community-based approach to mural-level conservation". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Second ed.). London: Bookish Press. pp. 495–508. doi:ten.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00019-3. ISBN978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243829246.
  93. ^ Millar, J. & Tenzing, K. (2021). "Transforming degraded rangelands and pastoralists' livelihoods in eastern Bhutan". Mountain Research and Development. 41 (four): D1–D7. doi:x.1659/MRD-Journal-D-21-00025.i.
  94. ^ Wei, F.; Zhang, Z.; Thapa, A.; Zhijin, 50. & Hu, Y. (2021). "Conservation initiatives in China". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (2d ed.). London: Bookish Printing. pp. 509–520. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00021-one. ISBN978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243813871.
  95. ^ Jones, Chiliad. L. (2021). "A brief history of the Red Panda in captivity". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the Get-go Panda (2d ed.). London: Academic Printing. pp. 181–199. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00026-0. ISBN978-0-12-823753-three. S2CID 243805749.
  96. ^ Lewis, G. (2011). "Birth and mother rearing of Nepalese red pandas Ailurus fulgens fulgens at the Taronga Conservation Society Australia". International Zoo Yearbook. 45 (i): 250–258. doi:x.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00135.x.
  97. ^ Tanaka, A. & Ogura, T. (2018). "Current husbandry situation of Ruby Pandas in Japan". Zoo Biology. 37 (2): 107–114. doi:10.1002/zoo.21407. PMID 29512188.
  98. ^ Kumar, A.; Rai, U.; Roka, B.; Jha, A. Grand. & Reddy, P. A. (2016). "Genetic assessment of convict cerise panda (Ailurus fulgens) population". SpringerPlus. 5 (one): 1750. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3437-i. PMC5055525. PMID 27795893.
  99. ^ Kappelhof, J. & Weerman, J. (2020). "The development of the Ruby panda Ailurus fulgens EEP: from a failing captive population to a stable population that provides effective support to in situ conservation". International Zoo Yearbook. 54 (1): 102–112. doi:10.1111/izy.12278.
  100. ^ a b c Glatston, A. R. & Gebauer, A. (2021). "People and Red Pandas: the Red Panda's part in economy and culture". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Crimson Panda: Biological science and Conservation of the First Panda (2d ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 1–14. doi:x.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00002-viii. ISBN9780128237540. S2CID 243805192.

External links

  • Red Panda Network – a non-turn a profit organization committed to the conservation of wild red pandas

bracewellfrageon.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda

0 Response to "Red Panda Life Cycle How Many Babies Can a Red Panda Have at One Time"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel